This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Chapter One explains unanswered questions of contemporary oncology from the standpoint of karyogamic theory of carcinogenesis. Chapter Two focuses on the molecular players of the human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infection leading to chronic inflammation and cancer. Chapter Three describes Multiple Myeloma (MM), and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS). Chapter Four reviews the role of choline metabolites as second messengers in cellular pathways leading to enhanced cell survival, migration, and proliferation to explore the possibility that "in-vivo" imaging of choline metabolism can be used to obtain readouts of cell signal transduction in cancer. Chapter Five investigates the possible correlation between anatomic melanoma distribution on the specific back area and lack of sunscreen application. Chapter Six describes the known molecular mechanisms of epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in malignant neuroblastoma that can help find new directions for future research. Chapter Seven discusses the burdens of childhood cancer survivorship and the consequences of different treatment therapies on the incidence of CVD and explores potential monitoring methods and the need for consistent cardiovascular monitoring of childhood cancer survivors regarding their cardiovascular health. Finally, Chapter Eight considers a model for implementing recommendations pertaining to Lynch syndrome, and also looks at what is happening in the field now to support Lynch syndrome genetic testing and surveillance, and how a deliberative conference can point the way to changes that need to take place to deliver screening to those at risk.

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Lipomas are extremely common benign lesions, representing the most common softtissue tumor, with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations and imaging appearances. Several subtypes are described, ranging from lesions entirely composed of mature adipose tissue to tumors intimately associated with nonadipose tissue, to those composed of brown fat. Chapter one begins with an overview of the available evidence about the classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests and treatment options of lipomas. The following three chapters examine parosteal lipomas and giant lipomas. Chapter five studies the first literary description of cavernous angiolipoma of the subcutis in a 75-year-old man, delivering a new lipomatous entity. Chapter six focuses on immune plasticity and susceptibility to cancer from fanconi anemia, which is characterised as a genetic disorder of genomic instability, with main clinical symptoms involving congenital abnormalities, infertility, bone marrow failure and a predisposition to the development of several types of cancer, especially acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and head and neck carcinomas. Chapter seven discusses radiotherapy for patients with fanconi anemia. Chapters eight and nine examine the effects of ursolic acid (UA) and flavonol-enriched extract (FL) on the cell cycle behaviour of DU145 human prostate cancer cells in vitro. Chapter ten describes the most current advances made in characterising the role of PLA2 in tumor development and progression, as well as highlight some of our most recent studies involving iPLA2 and cancer. The remaining chapters discuss the preclinical rationale for targeting human EGFR and recent clinical reports of targeted agents in esophageal cancer; study the pharmaceutical properties and drug likeness of anticancer drugs administered for the clinical treatment of lung cancer; and covers the epidemiology, different etiology and pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Topics discussed include imaging of chondrosarcoma; novel nutrient mixtures inhibiting chondrosarcoma invasion and metastasis parameters; defective estrogen signaling is the highest risk for breast cancer; review of the cancer genomic landscape; reprogramming of metabolic pathways and cancer stem like cells; promising natural products as anti-cancer agents against neuroblastoma; oncofertility; and molecular mechanisms involved in myelodysplastic syndromes.

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Topics discussed include malignancy-related ascites; targeting cathepsin b for cancer therapies; cancer stem cells; metallomics of brain tumors; hepatitis b virus and Hepatitis C virus infections and risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; the risk and prognostic factors associated with undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma; widespread expressions of TCRs in cancer cells and the implications in cancer immunology; hormone therapy in young cancer survivors; and inhibitory effects of ribosome inactivating proteins and compounds on choriocarcinoma cells.

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Topics discussed include the emerging roles of the Sirtuin family in cancer; coping with pain in children with leukaemia; chemotherapy induced peripheral neurotoxicity; historical evolution of conservative surgery of breast cancer; peripheral neuropathies especially in cancer patients; the important pitfalls in the diagnosis of cancer in the oral cavity using 18F-FDG-PET-CT; anthracyclines and cardiotoxicity; current therapies and latest developments in cancer treatment; and the genetic and epigenetic changes in thyroid cancer.

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Topics discussed include oral cancer cachexia; the immunological mechanisms of cachexia; research in gynaecologic oncology today; advances in cellular understanding of muscle wasting in cachexia; and next generation sequencing developments in cancer research by bioinformatics approaches.

Volume 72 discusses the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumours, including classic Ewing's sarcoma of the bone, extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma and malignant peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour of both bone and soft tissue. The following chapter discusses Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the base of the tongue, particularly its diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, the authors examine dual proteasome and histone deacetylase6 inhibitor, dual MDM2 and histone deacetylase inhibitor, and dual bromodomain-containing protein 4 and histone deacetylase inhibitor. The authors go on to examine the genes and proteins involved in mitosis that are proposed as candidates for biomarkers in different types of cancer (colon, lung, prostate, breast and ovarian, among others). The penultimate chapter reviews the published evidence of aromatase inhibitors in breast cancer risk reduction. The recommended patient populations for the use of aromatase inhibitors, expected benefits, adverse effects and monitoring parameters are addressed. The transcription factor and chromatin structure-related aspects of cancer treatment are the focus of the final chapter.

Progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a main cause of its morbidity and mortality. CRC progression is characterized by increased growth of the primary carcinoma as well as lymphatic and haematogenic spread. The microenvironment of primary or circulating and disseminated tumor cells seems to be essential in all steps of the metastatic process of CRC. Therefore, the authors suggest that cancer-associated cellular stroma evolving from the extracellular matrix should be crucially integrated with CRC diagnosis, staging and treatment. Following this, a short review focuses on the immunohistochemical findings and the molecular signaling pathways during the development from chronic inflammation to Kaposis sarcoma formation. Kaposis sarcoma is a multifocal neoplasm characterized by deregulated neoangiogenesis, proliferation of spindle cells with infiltrated inflammatory cells and erythrocytes in the skin and visceral organs. The papillary thyroid carcinoma from tall cells (tall cell variant, TCV) was first described by Hawk and Hazard in 1976. 162 such cases were published in the world literature prior to 2000. This is a rare tumor with a frequency of 1-2 cases per million people in Europe and the US. Taking into account the histological pattern, immunophenotype and the results of molecular genetic research, additional differential diagnostic criteria for papillary thyroid cancer from tall cells with transformation into anaplastic carcinoma have been proposed. Cervical cancer is mainly caused by infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), especially type 16. In this collection, the authors present a study which reveals that HPV16E6 protein induces COX-2 gene and protein expression through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in association with the increase of PGE2-EP4 receptor leading to promote carcinogenesis. False positive and false negative diagnoses in focal carcinomas of the prostate represents one of the most common and significant problems in daily practice. Thus, the authors conclude with a summary of the criteria of greatest value to establish the diagnosis of carcinoma when only some neoplastic glands are found. These focal adenocarcinomas have been termed limited, minimal, minimal volume carcinoma and microcarcinomas. Although most are unique, they may occasionally be found in other sites on the same biopsy, in subsequent biopsies, or in prostatectomy products.

Horizons in Cancer Research. Volume 71 begins by reviewing the histopathological features of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor lesions, risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma including viral infection, chemical carcinogenic and ethnic predisposition. New knowledge about major pathways and signaling is also presented. Next, the clinical development of PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to date is reviewed with a focus on phase I-III clinical trials. The authors also discuss future considerations and strategies to optimize the benefits of this class of immunotherapeutic agents. Glioblastoma multiforme, the most deadly primary brain tumor in adults, is studied in the following chapter. Various studies show that only 3-5% of glioblastoma patients survive longer than 3 years and nearly 100% of all tumors recur due to therapy resistance. The most challenging aspect in the treatment of glioblastomas is the invasive nature of the tumor cells to the surrounding brain tissue. Current forms of treatment for glioblastoma allow for short-term survival, reflecting an urgent need for the development of a new form of treatment. The authors also present the cellular and molecular mechanisms of glioblastoma underlying the evasion of treatment, rationale for using novel therapeutics currently undergoing clinical trials, and explore promising molecular targets for the development of future therapeutics. This collection goes on to demonstrate the importance of TNF-alpha and its receptors in malignant gynecological and breast neoplasms, the immunological mechanisms in these neoplasms, and the role as possible future targets in the treatment. Information about the mechanisms of c-Myc are presented in order to update previous studies to discuss some of the current paradigms and provide a basis for future studies. c-Myc is a regulator gene that codes for a transcription factor, and it is important for many multidirectional cellular functions. In one study, the structural, energetic, spectroscopic and electronic properties of organometallic Ru(II) complexes of the general formula [( 6-arene)Ru(XY)Cl]Z (XY is N,N-(diamine), N,O- or O,O cheating ligands, Z = PF6 anion) were calculated by means of density functional theory electronic structure calculations. These complexes, adopting a piano-stool geometry, are potent anticancer agents and their anticancer activity against various types of cancers has already been investigated. In the closing contribution, the authors outline the guidelines for sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of thin melanoma on the basis of its histogenetic features. A histogenetic conception and an uncertain malignant potential appear to be the most significant discriminants on whether or not to perform the biopsy.

Horizons in Cancer Research. Volume 69 opens with a discussion on hypothetical mechanisms of the induction of NKreg cells in cancer and possible approaches to their abrogation, suggesting that for profound understanding of the problem of NKregs in the context of future target cancer immunotherapy, extensive clinical observations of NKreg cells should be carried out. Afterwards, the authors focus on the cell surface molecules in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) cells, the function of matricellular proteins, particularly OPN, and their potential as targets for ATL immunotherapy. Later, the book demonstrates dual distinct functional roles of widespread cancerous immunoglobulins among cancer cells for the potential applications of RP215 in therapeutic treatments of many human cancers. RP215-linked chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy technology has been applied in anti-cancer treatments through a series of CAR construction and validations by cytotoxic cell killing and cytokine activity release assays. Next, the authors present a new approach to describing, analyzing and understanding the process of dying in cancer patients based on the assumption that there are four tracks along which dying proceeds: the track focused on the medical-diagnostic aspects of the disease, the track referring to the physical aspects of the disease, the track defined by the psychological aspects of the disease and the track describing the coping- determined aspects of dying. In a separate study, examples of cases using a flexible, inflatable multi-channel applicator for the treatment of primary and recurrent gynecologic cancer, as well as treatment with Syed interstitial brachytherapy are presented. The examples are intended to emphasize the different characteristics of patients anatomy and tumors that guide the selection of a particular applicator and brachytherapy technique. Afterwards, the role of emodin in cancer prevention is discussed. Emodin possesses a broad spectrum of pharmacological, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

High-grade gliomas are the most frequent primitive brain malignancies of the adult and account for approximately 60-75% of all gliomas. Chapter One concludes the progress in the management of high-grade gliomas requires the simultaneous and synergic effort of a multitude of health professionals including neurosurgeons, neuroncologists, neurointerventionalists, radiologists, immunologists and neuropathologists among others. Chapter Two describes the fundamental molecular mechanisms involved in the understanding of metastatic growth, the role of some metastasis suppressor proteins in the regulation of these processes in different types of cancer, and the clinical implications of these metastasis suppressors. Chapter Three highlights the reported knowledge regarding the secretion, regulation and therapeutic potential of melatonin in the prevention of cancer. Chapter Four reviews the current status of different oncolytic viruses and the molecular mechanism of viral oncolysis in the context of thoracic malignancies. Chapter Five suggests Coordination Dynamics Therapy can inhibit the growth of different kinds of cancer, especially breast cancer. Chapter six argues that the long term health outcomes of bilateral surgical oophorectomy justify that in the majority of cases, the defect of hormonal and metabolic equilibrium leads to decreased cellular estrogen surveillance and an increase in both morbidity and mortality. Chapter seven evaluates the importance of assessing HPV status as a clinically relevant biomarker and to study the therapeutic implications for the appropriate management of HPV-related OPSCC. Chapter eight covers the complex and multiform network of actions by MicroRNA, and the value of miRNAs in oncology as diagnostic and prognostic indicators.

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Chapter One reviews microRNAs as a novel diagnostic and predictive biomarker in human cancer. Chapter Two provides an overview of the miR-10b functions, exploring its utility as a bio-marker and a potential drug target. Chapter Three discusses the deregulated expression and function of S100 proteins in cancer cells. Chapter Four studies the current management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and future directions in clinical research. Chapter Five examines the human papillomavirus vaccine.

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Chapter One provides a comprehensive discussion to address the potential benefits of myricetin on cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disease. It also discusses the underlined mechanism involved in the biological action of myricetin. Chapter Two discusses the clinical significance of vasculogenic mimicry. Chapter Three studies bacterial toxins as a direct cause of cancer. Chapter Four examines the immunological aspect of stroma in ovarian cancer. Chapter Five focuses on immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of solid tumors. Chapter Six provides a review of targeting non-coding mitochondrial RNAs in gynecological and urinary malignancies. Chapter Seven explores the NF- B signaling pathway, and its targeting in human cancer treatment. Chapter Eight analyses the circadian rhythm and skin cancer prevention. The final section of this book is a short commentary on melanoma.

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Chapter One provides a brief overview of the recent updates in the role of the laboratory in establishing the diagnosis, methods of disease monitoring and mechanisms that contribute to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Chapter Two reviews self-esteem and academic difficulties in preadolescents and adolescents health from pediatric leukemia. Chapter Three analyses the role of lactoferrin expression in the initiation and progression of most common hormone-dependent cancers. Chapter Four studies the ETS transcription factor FLI-1 as an important player in human cancer. Chapter Five highlights the latest advances in DNA methylation signature- based liquid biopsy. Chapter Six presents data concerning the pharmacological activity of water-soluble complex of quercetin with polyvinylpyrrolidone on the process of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. Chapter Seven investigates prospects of enhancing anti-cancer activities of quercetin in the treatment of glioblastoma. Chapter Eight discusses the correction of tumor-associated thrombocytopenia by quercetin. Chapter Nine examines robotic surgery for prostate cancer.

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Chapter One presents an overview of the opportunities and challenges that influence the participation of personalised approach of giving the right drug at the right dose to the right patient. Chapter Two examines malignant mesothelioma. Chapter Three reviews the role of heat-shock proteins and chaperonins in the pathogenesis and progression of cancer. Chapter Four discusses the biosynthesis of LeX family glycosphingolipids and its gene regulation. Chapter Five summarises how chromosome segregation is accurately controlled and how spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) monitors this process to maintain segregation fidelity. Chapter Six reviews significant novel findings and the early clinical development of a CD26-targeted therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), and advances that can lead to a more hopeful future for MPM patients. Chapter Seven reviews the pathophysiology and novel treatment strategies in management of peripheral T-Cell lymphoma. Chapter Eight discusses the confirmation behind a role for metformin in cancer therapy and its prospective molecular mechanisms of action. Chapter Nine highlights the role Ganoderma lucidum and its constituents in cancer signaling. Chapter Ten studies the footprint of Ganoderma lucidum in receptor tyrosine kinases.

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Chapter One reviews the most recent advances in the management, analyses the best possible treatment in each scenario, and discusses the future research direction on brain metastases from non-small cell lung cancer. Chapter Two discusses the positive effects of microscopic complete resection on controlling the local recurrence of a single brain metastasis. Chapter Three encapsulates the trends of the computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) development for the estimation of tumor malignancy. Chapter Four examines dendritic cells cross talk with cytomegalovirus pp65-specific cytotoxic T cells, V 9 T cells, and invariant NKT cells in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Chapter Five addresses CD8+ T cell activation and regulation in the skin, paying special attention to what it is known about CD8+ T cell activity and its link with SCC development. Chapter Six discusses knowledge of the molecular basis of anti-cancer drug resistance and the mechanisms through which triterpenoids modulate ABC transporter-mediated multi drug resistance. Chapter Seven reviews cancer and heparan sulfate alterations. Chapter Eight focuses on Ganoderma lucidum targeting apoptosis. Chapter Nine examines the integrated model of cAMP-dependent DNA expression which reveals an inverse relationship between cancer and neurodegeneration. Chapter Ten studies the prognosis of male breast cancer.

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Chapter One summarizes what is currently known regarding the epigenetic regulation of osteosarcoma pathways and oncogenes, as well as clinical trials of drugs that exert epigenetic regulation. Chapter Two critically discusses the role of ECM-dependent signaling in osteosarcoma progression. Chapter Three illustrates the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation exposure by focusing on photocarcinogenesis. Chapter Four examines the psychology of sunscreen use and outlines the key psychological factors associated with sunscreen use. Chapter Five reviews the cellular and molecular mechanism of Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Transforming Growth Factor- mediating cervical cancer development. Chapter Six examines the affect of the American cranberry extract on expression of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in human prostate cancer cells in vitro. Chapter Seven discusses the design of synthetic peptides to specifically interfere the papillomavirus binding factor/14-3-3beta binding to restore papillomavirus binding factor apoptotic functions. Chapter Eight examines brain development using correlations between Diffusion Kurtosis and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) in neonates and young children. Chapter Nine highlights the opportunities that are available to prevent the late effects related to stress and fears, emphasizing the importance of teaching patients resiliency and how to cope.

This book presents original results on the leading edge of cancer research. Topics discussed include the risk factors, diagnosis and treatment options for glioblastoma; the biology of the interleukin-2 (il-2)-based immunotherapies in cancer and autoimmune disease; rna interference (rnai)/rna activation (rnaa) for cancer therapeutics; melanoma progression to metastatic disease; proteins, polysaccharide-peptide complexes and polysaccharides with antiproliferative and anticancer activities of mushrooms; low-molecular-weight compounds with anticancer activity of mushroom origin; lifestyle and cancer prevention; and the pathology and pathogenesis of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

This book presents original research results on the leading edge of cancer. Topics discussed include one woman's experience with the Gerson therapy for cancer; epigenetic upregulation or direct over-expression of miR-137 enhances anti-tumour activity of delphinidin for inducing apoptosis in human glioblastoma T98G cells; potentials and challenges of chip technologies in serum biomarker studies for personalised medicine of colorectal cancer; colon cancer; targeting hallmarks of cancer as current therapeutic strategy; and epigenetic regulation of cancer.

This book presents original research results on the leading edge of cancer. Topics discussed include the role of dendritic cells in the priming of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses; current anti-cancer agents targeting apoptosis and authophagy and clues for future cancer drug discovery; the efficacy of bufadienolides and TCM preparations on in vivo and in vivo cancer models in clinical trials; the role of tetracyclic triterpenes and their glycosides in cancer prevention; adoptive cell therapy at the forefront of cancer immunotherapy; the challenges and promises of targeted chemoprevention; the physical, emotional and social challenges associated with cancer survivorship; bioinformatics tools and resources for cancer diagnosis and drug development; and the history of radical surgery for the treatment of prostate cancer.

"Horizons in Cancer Research" presents original research results on the leading edge of cancer. Topics discussed include gallbladder cancer pathogenesis and molecular targeting strategies for therapeutic options; rectal cancer staging; new DNA intercalating anti-cancer drugs; protection of bone growth using folinic acid during pediatric cancer chemotherapy; pinolenic acid as an anti-cancer agent and enhancement of human cancer cell radiosensitivity by conjugated eicosapentaenoic acid.

This book presents original research results on the leading edge of cancer. Topics discussed include the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of endometrial cancer; liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma; combination antiangiogenic therapy for patients with cancer; the aetiology and prognostic factors for lung metastases; combination therapy for controlling malignant neuroblastoma and cancer-related fatigue.

Horizons in Cancer Research presents original research results on the leading edge of cancer. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. This book presents the latest research in the field of cancer research, including vaccine control strategies; environmental tobacco smoke and cancer; subtypes of breast cancer; cancer stem cells; and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.

Horizons in Cancer Research presents original research results on the leading edge of cancer. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. This book presents the latest research in the field of cancer research, including a global overview on cancer biology; increased risk of cancer with exposure to chemical pollutants; organotin - containing polyethers as anticancer drugs; and, stem cell and gene therapy as potential treatment applications.